Social Networking Is Affecting Our Reputation

Informal communication Is Affecting Our Reputation Online networking assumes a major job in our regular daily existences. Albeit online life is a simpler method to associate with others wherein you can interface with far off family members or companions who dont frequently observe, many have gotten so fixated on determining the status of their Facebook, MySpace, Twitter and so forth continually. Online networking has become a gigantic interruption in our day by day lives. Web based life is made to let individuals communicate yet numerous individuals use it as an approach to be somebody they are not or even to hurt others. Online life is unsafe to our general public in which takes into account others to get to your data. Many have gotten so dependent via web-based networking media that they dont have the opportunity to be truly dynamic where makes them become unfortunate. Children are investing such a great amount of energy in internet based life and less time on considering. In general, internet based life is harming our nation causi ng all the more harassing, sadness, sluggishness and more are getting undesirable. Interpersonal interaction is influencing our notoriety. Individuals dont understand that there isnt any security on interpersonal interaction sites. Numerous arent mindful what they present is out on people in general, despite the fact that you erased it, it tends to be recovered. These days occupations and schools verify whether you have online networking, improper photographs or remarks can hurt your mental self view. The web today is making everything simpler to be seen. Internet based life today lets people put out anything and in any event, everything about an individual. The rights to ones protection are manhandled and are not convinced to retain ones individual data. In the article Is Your Online Activity Hurting Your Chances of Getting Into College? by Linsey Davis, essentially gives us that before schools acknowledge you by your general normal or SAT score they will likewise hope to check whether you have any internet based life. Rachel is starting to apply to school and her best option is Bentley University, she started to stress after a school visit direct cautioned her about web based life. It states He fundamentally cautioned us that the confirmations advocates will likewise take a gander at our Facebook and any internet based life that we need to attempt to show signs of improvement image of what sort of individual we truly are, Rachel said. Prior to universities or even a vocation tolerating you the main thing they will do is to check whether you have any internet based life so they can perceive what sort of individual you truly are. In the article Skarlis states He investigated right back to when Rachel was in center school and first began utilizing internet based life.. which essentially implies school confirmations will be looking not just what have you up to as of late via web-based networking media yet additionally the past back when you have first register via web-based networking media sites. Despite the fact that you have everything the s chool requires one easily overlooked detail like having internet based life can influence you from getting in. In the article Privacy Invasion: Social media observing required to go to school or to be recruited? by Ms. Smith gives us that online networking is influencing the individual possibilities in getting in universities or in any event, finding employed for a line of work. It states According to a Microsoft study about the antagonistic impacts of rash web-based social networking posts, 14% of individuals studied missed out on the school they needed, 16% missed out on finding a new line of work and 21% were terminated from an occupation. A few businesses and schools may demand you companion them via web-based networking media or more regrettable they may demand your secret key to Twitter, to Facebook, Google and other web based life locales so they can perceive what you post, your photographs, what you state in DMs, and what you talk about. In the event that you post negative r emark, or photographs via web-based networking media it can influence your odds into what school you need to go to, can get you terminated from your activity and can likewise hold you from being recruited. This gives us that schools and even occupations are being stricter via web-based networking media, in any event, requesting their secret key to attack their security, what you post, and your photographs that you transfer and even to perceive what you and your companions talk about. Whatever you put on the Internet will chase after you until the end of time. Interpersonal organizations are allowing menaces a chance to assault people online by attacking their security. Web based life makes it simpler to keep tormenting someone that is being harassed on at school. By posting awful thing about the individual and transferring photos of the individual. Interpersonal organization makes an open access towards uncovering people individual data. Self destruction is an impact that can be the consequence of any type of harassing. Understudies get back home from school hoping to locate a sheltered spot away from all the dangers and perils around them. Be that as it may, survivors of digital tormenting have no way out. They return home and turn on their PCs or PCs and are quickly welcomed with the cruel reality. Digital harassers focus on their casualties through electronic media, for example, PDAs, sites, web-cams, talk rooms, and email. A casualty is not, at this point ready to escape from their domineering jerks by just leaving their essence and l ooking for security and quietness in their own homes. In the article Bullied to death: Amanda Todd didnt do anything on the web that most others of her age havent done was around a multi year old adolescent, Amada Todd who murdered herself in the wake of being tormented. It states Amanda Todd committed an error by uncovering her bosom on the Internet, the more bizarre who forced Todd to uncover herself on the web and who flowed a topless photograph of her wasnt a kindred teenager from her secondary school however a multi year elderly person living in Vancouver. Amanda was compelled to accomplish something she presumably didnt need to, she presented herself to a more odd who she didnt know. In the article Cyber-harassing, online networking accused after Florida adolescent ends it all Jessica Laney, 16, draped herself on Sunday subsequent to being tormented on the site Ask.fm. Her companions state digital tormenting on the site Ask.fm is the thing that sent the grieved adolescent to t he brink. Posts on Laneys page extend from the blameless What class do you like the most? to the incredibly brutal Why are you so revolting? furthermore, Just murder yourself. Youre useless. Individuals are utilizing internet based life to menace others like Jessica Laney by letting her accept that she is useless, monstrous and she ought to go murder herself. Another story was a young lady whose name is Hope Witsell. She was a 13-year-old who experienced childhood in Florida. She sent a naked photograph of herself to a kid she loved. Another young lady obtained the young men telephone, found the picture and sent it to different understudies. Thus, the picture discovered its way to a great deal of different understudies in her school and in different schools. This at that point has brought about prodding and tormenting from her friends at Beth Shields Middle School, with affront, for example, prostitute and whore. At the point when she came back to class, an advocate watched cuts on Hopes legs and had her sign a no-hurt agreement, where Hope consented to tell a grown-up on the off chance that she felt slanted to hurt herself. The following day, Hope draped herself in her room. Many are being digital tormented; kids arent ready to deal with the circumstance, driving them to end it all. Some may differ by saying that internet based life permits individuals to remain associated with loved ones, and have additionally been an extraordinary path for individuals to mingle and meet people. These locales are valuable, since understudies have the chance to cooperate with others by arranging and taking a shot at school assignments. Numerous educators are utilizing internet based life locales to remain associated with their understudy once they have graduated and furthermore to refresh their understudies on assignments, tests, grades and so on. A site rudimentary instructors use to associate with their understudy and collaborators is called Edmodo which permits understudies and educators to make profiles, sites, and gives understudies a spot to go outside of class to contact educators, keep current on assignments, ventures, and tests. Informal communication locales give individuals the possibility of reconnecting with loved ones that have not been in contact with for a signif icant stretch of time, permitting them to fortify and fabricate great connections. Likewise, person to person communication destinations, offer free informing, photograph stockpiling, and games among others. Online networking makes it simple to interface with others. It is exceptionally useful in significant distance relationship, for instance Facebook. The destinations have absolutely made it increasingly advantageous to connect with individuals with whom we have lost contact with. A few investigations show that interpersonal interaction locales have helped business, particularly independent companies. They can be useful in systems administration for business purposes. In the article Benefits of utilizing Social media for Business by Harsh Agrawal states Social media permits you to get individual with your clients and structure an obligation of trust with them. Answering to the worries of your clients and by requesting their sentiments, you can make your clients happy with what you bring to the table and along these lines you get more traffic, which advances your business. The online life apparatuses are free for use for everybody, and that is the reason by simply chipping away at your web-based social networking devices for a couple of moments daily, you can get a great deal of advantage from it and increment your deals and have better relations with your clients. By and large internet based life is helping organizations since informal communication locales have the potential for publicizing, showcasing to focused and divided clients, and having the option to contact clients with huge interpersonal organizations for additional business. Despite the fact that there are sure social advantages to these locales, by saying many need them to stay in contact with companions. In any case, the advantages don't exceed the issues they cause. Interpersonal interaction makes youngsters and grown-ups be apathetic and overweight, less profitable at school and work. The main explanation that person to person communication is awful for society is that it makes individuals languid and overweight. Once upon a time when individuals were exhausted, they would go outside to accomplish something engaging as in play in park, ride a bicycle, go running or hit the rec center and exercise. These days the individuals who are exhausted go on their telephones, experience others profile on Facebook or ev

Leadership Effectiveness And Personal Managerial Qualities

Initiative Effectiveness And Personal Managerial Qualities Initiative is tied in with knowing the advantages and disadvantages of progress, and fathoming the transaction of oneself as well as other people. Administration is the view of ones connectedness both individual and business astute, hence initiative is tied in with acting naturally mindful and decision dynamic. Along these lines, it is where an individual impacts a group to achieve there goals, and direct those destinations to be increasingly rational for the association, this is seen by (Northouse, 2007). Consequently, a pioneer is one who has a reasonable vision, convey energetically, and direct their activities and those of the group toward the objective, by heading to culmination. 1.1 Background Who is the creator? The creator conceived October 1978 has a place with a Christian home; recently wedded and is at the beginning period of parenthood with raising a youthful family, has earned an Upper Second Class Bachelor of Arts in Business Management from Anglia Ruskin University who is right now seeking after Masters in Business Administration with accentuation in Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Innovation. The creator holds the situation of an Office Manager who plays out a wide exhibit of assorted obligations, in this way, working close by the president to meet the companys staffing and authoritative necessities. Besides, the creator is liable for planning and executing different arrangements, administrative obligations, selecting and preparing, which encourage productive and smooth working, with center around overseeing works of managerial staff. Following multi year administration in the marine business as Office Manager at Windjammer Barefoot Cruises, the creator currently halfway possessed and is a Director of a Sign Company. What's more, the creator additionally found a new position as Office Manager at another marine organization, which works pulls and water big haulers. Notwithstanding, the creator right now has no outside exercises because of studies, another family, working low maintenance with companion business, in addition to making some full memories work. Along these lines, the creator has a tight calendar, with a dream to finish contemplates and get effective in being a sure pioneer and communicating imagination to discover one of a kind answers for the privately-owned company with a glad nearness, proceeded with devotion and relationship building abilities. The creator emphatically communicated qualities that everybody has the right to be genuinely rewarded and instruction is the way to progress. These couple of administration characteristics, characteristics and aptitudes of the creator are known to be delicate abilities that will help the creators capacity to determine clashes and construct accord, to propel and motivate representatives. In this manner, office resembles family, they get cantankerous and having a positive and certified mentality will help massively. 2.0 Reflection on Leadership Effectiveness Compelling Leadership starts with the essential capacity to have faith in oneself, which fuses development, conviction and mastery that convert into a reason and bearing, along these lines, having a fantasy and vision that will better the organization or society. Compelling initiative is made out of various abilities, in this manner viability of pioneer is restricted, where pioneers are individual who realize how to move and identify with subordinates. This all relies upon how fitting the administration style is to the circumstance in that it is worked, which originates from coordinating style and devotee task applicable development, or errand preparation. In light of the Myers Briggs test, the creator type marker reflected ENTJ (Extroversion, Intuition, Thinking, and Judging). ENTJ are for the most part gets straight forward, definitive, and initiative common, they additionally observe unreasonable rapidly and notes wasteful techniques, likewise by and large creates and actualize complete frameworks in tackling any organization or business issues. Along those equivalent lines, appreciates setting future arranging and being objective situated, normally well state-of-the-art, all around read, appreciates on growing information as required and passing it to others by giving compelling present thoughts. Accordingly, genuine successful pioneers have explicit authority characteristics, aptitudes and styles past industry information and specialized abilities. 2.1 Qualities of Leadership Authority conduct mirrors the qualities and individual attributes that will encourage accomplishment in influential position. ENTJs are inventive, reasonable students who learn best in a difficult and intelligent condition. The blend of instinct and rationale drives them to appreciate managing ideas and vital reasoning, and great language aptitudes. These characteristics of the creator are drawn from work and individual life adjusts that are reflected as follows:- Qualities of Personal and Work Life Correspondence and Relationship The creator an ENTJ is an energetic communicator who wants to connect with colossal measure of fearlessness, has phenomenal verbal relational abilities and worth trustworthiness. The creator has consistently been the focal point of consideration that is being an extravert with scholarly opportunity to think and talk, who has an attitude of continually being candid and coming to the heart of the matter with solid respects for positive structure that can blend and adjust to new thoughts. Despite the fact that the creator had been tried to be extraverted, the creator has Introverted Intuitive capacities which supplement Extraverted Thinking, for example, being capable in making extraordinary advantages through the capacity to perceive the normal capability of others, and indicating others the best approach to move beyond challenges inside the given circumstance. Profession and Work In the situation of an Office Manager ENTJ shows precisely that the creator is self-assured, steadfast, and educated and oversees individuals, alongside marshaling assets. The creator is profession centered in long haul point of view with representation of the two organizations with superior and measures. The creator is commonly a vigorous extrovert who likes to be in control and get things going, alongside others taking part, particularly in group extends as opposed to work alone. The creator will in general climb the stepping stool immediately when joining any organization or for the most part throughout everyday life. With this current organization the creator has been there for two months and a significant voyaging abroad is ahead. On entering the association, the creator has been jumping individuals who have been there longer, in this manner, the aggregate encounters have arranged the creator for it. The creator has consistently been practical, shows improvement and worth the position given. All through the creators vocation, as most ENJT can recognize, vision is need and hazard doesn't alarm the creator. The result has been predictable on an official level, and once going towards the objective, the creator ensures it is feasible, and accepting all creation must be never really best with rationale and method of reasoning. 2.1.2 Weaknesses of Personal and Work Life Some significant blemishes of the creator:- Gets disappointed by absence of conclusion of individuals not complying with time constraints, in this manner, remembering the given work created ought to likewise show polished skill, which is one of the fundamental needs in and ENTJ. The way wherein discussion is completed, for example, being cruel and obtuse in analysis when blunders happen. Tends not to tune in to different people groups sentences or have them finish their sentences, particularly if information disclosed don't sound good to them, in this manner, not giving the opportunity for the individual to legitimize their point. Restricted tolerance with a temper over generally little issues that grows into greater things with wastefulness and can be extremely critical and factious. Low respect for individuals who are threatened by them that is heightened by haughtiness, in this manner, settling on hurried choices, without understanding the issues and potential answers for the issues. In this manner, the creator must authorize funds receivable to the characteristics have above, so as to achieve whatever objectives are set. Beneath, talks on the administration aptitudes which need improving by the creator. 2.2 Leadership Skills Administration aptitudes depend on authority conduct, consequently, abilities alone don't make a pioneer style and conduct do. Authority is fascinating in light of the fact that it is about ability and the normal capacity that is for the most part about oneself and keeping up that individual credibility, by being valid; not simply carelessly tailing others thoughts. Great pioneers consistently depend on their capacity to understand circumstances and improve errands, and recognize their deficiencies, which may work for them. Notwithstanding, a decent pioneer would need to improve their abilities of correspondence, dynamic and critical thinking and not avoid new chances to lead. The creator aptitudes are best when coordinating styles to the requirements of the individuals that are attempting to impact. Accordingly, the test is that driving individuals is something contrary to attempting to control them. It isn't exactly what happens when you are there; it is the thing that happens when you are not there. The creator accepts that authority isn't something you do to individuals; it is something you do with them. Recorded beneath are two basic ways proposed for the creator to improve authority aptitudes for future development? The creator must organize time for appropriate sorting out and arranging, along these lines, by talking with specialists for criticism Political aptitudes can be created by the creator so as to decrease the tattle and bits of gossip, that is, search for additional basic data that others can't get Subsequently the proceeded with qualities of growing great initiative aptitudes for the creator will require some serious energy, as though consummating a thought for a task, in light of the fact that without speculation of time, the creator won't have the option to turn into the extraordinary pioneer imagined, in this manner these couple of abilities that add to the creators conduct will have the option to precisely and effectively adjust to changing condition with restricted difficulties. Underneath talks on the style of initiative the creator is occupied with. 2.3 Leadership Styles Initiative style is the way and approach of giving guidance, actualizing plans and rousing individuals. Viable initiative style requires significant investment and vitality yet

Rewards and Global Aspects of Managing People

Question: Examine about the Rewards and Global Aspects of Managing People. Answer: Article 1: Park, S., Sturman, M. C. (2012). How and what you pay matters: The overall viability of legitimacy pay, rewards and long haul motivators on future occupation performance.Compensation Benefits Review, 0886368712450391. The significant reason for the article is to take a gander at the types of pay-for execution plans and how these structures influence the future exhibitions of workers when they work simultaneously. The significant factors of the articles incorporate compensation execution plans, impetuses, work execution, merit pay, extra advantages and long haul motivations. The appraisal of the article assists with discovering that associations routinely use numerous types of pay-for-execution plans for empowering just as continuing elite levels. Discoveries of the article show that the result of pay-for execution anticipates future exhibitions of representatives could be clarified by the intensity of the relations associating the compensation and execution for all of the arrangement. This article is pertinent to the present subject, as methods of execution pay ought to be assessed to suggest procedures. While preparation the paper these three types of execution pay can be utilized in the conversa tion of blend based and execution pay. Article 2- Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The connection between saw human asset the executives practices, commitment and representative conduct: a directed intervention model.The global diary of human asset management,24(2), 330-351. The significant motivation behind the article is to pick up the understanding of the intervening just as limiting strategies with the assistance of which human asset organizations are connected with the conduct result. The significant factors of the article are worker commitment, pioneer part trade, hierarchical citizenship and turnover aim. The aftereffect of the article demonstrates that presentation of positive social result, as the result of contribution, broadly rely upon the bigger authoritative atmosphere and workers relationship with line directors. This article pertinent to the subject as it assists with learning the hierarchical practice as far as overseeing individuals. Article 3- Boachie-Mensah, F., Dogbe, O. D. (2011). Execution Based compensation as a persuasive instrument for accomplishing authoritative execution: an exploratory case study.International Journal of Business and Management,6(12), 270. The significant motivation behind the article is to take a gander at the negatives of execution based compensation as the persuasive device for achieving authoritative execution. The significant factors of the article are repayment, motivation, rewards, execution pay and affectations. The finding of the article demonstrate that the effect of execution put together offer with appreciation to the exhibitions of workers could be immaterial just as the inspiration impact of legitimacy pay is as often as possible decided by halfway execution evaluation. The subject is significant it assists with figuring out how inspiration and prizes can be applied to impact representative execution. Reference List: Alfes, K., Shantz, A. D., Truss, C., Soane, E. C. (2013). The connection between saw human asset the executives practices, commitment and representative conduct: a directed intervention model.The worldwide diary of human asset management,24(2), 330-351. Boachie-Mensah, F., Dogbe, O. D. (2011). Execution Based compensation as a persuasive device for accomplishing authoritative execution: an exploratory case study.International Journal of Business and Management,6(12), 270. Park, S., Sturman, M. C. (2012). How and what you pay matters: The general adequacy of legitimacy pay, rewards and long haul motivating forces on future employment performance.Compensation Benefits Review, 0886368712450391.

Marketing research and market evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Promoting examination and market assessment - Essay Example An online center gathering is one kind of research strategy, especially falling under center gatherings which utilizes the web, in this manner individuals don't meet truly yet can trade thoughts and talk through conferencing programming (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Specifically, this is the way it is done: An arbitrator welcomes prescreened, qualified respondents who speak to the objective important to sign on to conferencing programming at a pre-masterminded time and to partake in an online center gathering. A few analysts will offer motivators for participatingbut this brings up various moral issues. Conversations by and large most recent one hour to an hour and a half. The arbitrator controls the conversation utilizing a blend of foreordained inquiries and unscripted tests. In the best conversations, similarly as with up close and personal gatherings, respondents cooperate with one another just as the arbitrator continuously to create further bits of knowledge about the subject (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Some consider online center gathering as a forward leap in directing statistical surveying and is seen as a successful method to lead the select gatherings to a more top to bottom conversation about the theme available (BioInformatics, LLC ). This is so as the two customers and respondent members can easily take an interest from their own office or home. This at that point takes into account a more noteworthy number of members and expands the geographic extent of potential members around the world (Insights Online). Online center gathering is a generally better approach for leading statistical surveying. It is one of the developments brought by an expansion in the utilization of innovation. The online center gathering supposedly is an option in contrast to the customary vis-à-vis center gathering accomplished for a similar reason for statistical surveying. Online center gatherings are suitable for shopper explore, business to business look into and political research. Communicating over the web maintains a strategic distance from a lot of movement cost. It permits respondents from everywhere throughout the world to accumulate, electronically for an increasingly delegate test. Regularly respondents open up more online than they would face to face, which is important for delicate subjects. Like face to face center gatherings, online gatherings are generally restricted to 8-10 members (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). Fundamentally the philosophy watched is this: customers can watch the center gathering while it is in meeting. They can likewise speak with the arbitrator; accordingly can impact the bearing to which the conversation leads without essentially intruding on the meeting. Since members type their own reactions, there is no room translation mistakes are totally maintained a strategic distance from. (Bits of knowledge Online). Online Focus Groups are directed in the accompanying bit by bit process: 1. Create screener and conversation manage. 2. Program screener into HTML/CGI design. (in the event that neccessary) 3. Screen/enlist members for wanted capabilities. (in the event that neccessary) 4. Moderate the Online Focus Group meeting with customer onlookers. 5. Give transcript. (regularly inside 24 hours after gathering meeting) 6. Give topline report. (regularly inside multi week in the wake of shutting review) 7. Arrange last composed or oral introduction. Source: Insights Online Some view online center gathering as worthwhile contrasted with the more conventional statistical surveying techniques. In outline, online center gathering has the accompanying points of interest: Reactions are progressively objective. Respondents taking an interest in online core interest

Structure of the Legal Profession in the United Kingdom Term Paper

Structure of the Legal Profession in the United Kingdom - Term Paper Example Practically, the lawful calling in the UK is isolated into two separate controls of counselors and specialists. In England and Wales, specialists dwarf lawyers eight to one. Specialists work behind the work area prompting and getting ready cases for the customers, while advodates speak to the cases in the courts. Albeit differing, the elements of specialists and lawyers resemble cut out of the same cloth. The fundamental capabilities essential for these two branches are the equivalent. It is simply after graduation that those wishing to enter the calling as specialists need to finish a Legal Practice Course as indicated by the prerequisite of the Law Society, and those deciding to be counselors need to finish Bar Vocational Course diversified by the General Council of the Bar. Both these courses are of one-year term. (Lawful Education in the United Kingdom) Attorneys have the privilege of crowd in the Supreme Court and in every other court, and they represent considerable authority in the diverse region of operations.â Some counselors may have practical experience in concerning criminal law, while others might be specialists in common cases. Indeed, even inside the lawbreaker and common divisions, there might be sub-divisions. For example, one counselor may represent considerable authority in maniacal issues and another may rehearse on issues concerning extortion, and so on. For the conventional resident, specialists are the principal purpose of contact for lawful exhortation and sentiment. The specialists may then exhort the disputant on the fitting lawyer who could seek after the case in a courtroom. There is yet one more part of public accountants who are little contrasted with advodates and specialists. Legal officials are approved to perform capacities, for example, confirmations, verification, organization of vows, and other lawful jobs that are not of the quarrelsome nature.â With the multifaceted nature of present day times in social, financial, condition and human rights issues, together with more noteworthy consciousness of the general populace of the legitimate open doors accessible to them, specialists and lawyers have expanding proficient difficulties. Specialists and counselors need each other as they perform integral jobs for each other.

Treatment Options for Alcoholism

Treatment Options for Alcoholism Addiction Alcohol Use Print Treatment Options for Alcoholism There Is No Medical Cure for Alcoholism By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 04, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 16, 2019 PhotoAlto / Odilon Dimier / Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Binge Drinking Withdrawal and Relapse Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Alcoholism is a treatable disease and many treatment programs and approaches are available to support alcoholics who have decided to get help, but no medical cure is available. Regardless of how someone is diagnosed as alcohol dependent or how they came to realize they have a serious drinking problem, the first step to treatment is a sincere desire to get help. Alcoholics who are pressured into treatment by social pressures or forced to quit by circumstances rarely succeed in the long run. Even many alcoholics who seek treatment on their own volition have at least one relapse before they obtain long-term sobriety. For those alcoholics who have a strong motivation to quit, a relapse can be just a bump in the road to recovery, but for those less committed, it can be an excuse to return to a drinking lifestyle. Alcohol Withdrawal Almost all alcoholics who have been chronic, heavy drinkers will experience some level of withdrawal symptoms when they suddenly stop drinking. These symptoms can range from mild shakes and discomfort to life-threatening delirium tremens -- which can include confusion, hallucinations, convulsions, autonomic instability, and death. Long-time, heavy drinkers who decide to quit drinking should seek medical assistance first. Approximately 95 percent of alcoholics experience mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms that can be treated by health-care providers on an outpatient basis, but five percent experience severe withdrawals and should be treated in a hospital or a facility that specializes in detoxification. Detoxification treatment  includes abstinence from alcohol in a controlled environment and close monitoring of vital signs and any withdrawal symptoms. In some cases, detox treatment can also include administering benzodiazepines (tranquilizers such as Valium, Librium, Ativan or Serax). The tranquilizers help reduce the shakes and other unpleasant symptoms during early alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Rehab and Treatment Facilities The process of detoxification from alcohol takes three to seven days, after which the alcoholics dependency on alcohol is primarily psychological, rather than physical or chemical. The goal after detox is to prevent a relapse of excessive drinking. Thousands of facilities in the United States offer alcohol and drug rehabilitation and treatment services, ranging from short-term residential or in-patient hospitalization to long-term, outpatient counseling, and therapy. The goal of these facilities is to help the alcoholic learn how to remain sober and resist the urge to drink. For many addicts and alcoholics, getting clean and sober is just the first step in a process to try to rebuild their lives. Professional treatment programs try to teach them the skills to return to a happy, productive life. Pharmaceutical Treatment for Alcoholism Although there is no magic pill that will cure alcoholism, there are medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration that are used to help people who have stopped drinking to remain sober. Currently, three medications  are approved in the U.S. for the treatment of alcoholism. 3 Approved Medications Antabuse (Disulfiram) works as a deterrent against drinking by making the person sick if they consume any alcohol.Naltrexone (Revia) blocks the effects of alcohol in the brain and reduces alcohol craving.Acamprosate (Campral) relieves the distress and discomfort alcoholics experience when they stop drinking. Again, pharmaceutical treatments work best when the alcoholic has a sincere desire to quit. For those who are committed to remaining sober, medications can give them the extra help they need to avoid relapse. Alcoholism Support Groups One of the oldest and most well-known treatments for alcoholism is Alcoholics Anonymous, a fellowship of men and women who share their experience, strength, and hope with each other to solve their common problem and help others to recover from alcoholism. Participation in A.A. is free. Scientific research has shown that participation in support groups, combined with other treatment efforts, is more effective in helping alcoholics remain sober than participating in treatment by itself. For those who do not prefer the 12-step approach, there are other secular support groups  available. The fellowship and accountability that mutual support groups provide have helped many with a desire to quit drinking establish and maintain a clean and sober lifestyle.

The guidelines and regulations of Dividend Policies - Free Essay Example

Dividend policies are the guidelines and regulations that companies develop and implement as the means of arranging to make dividend payments to shareholders. Establishing a specific dividend policy is to the advantage of both the company and the shareholder. In order to make sure the policy is workable, a company should develop a viable policy and then run this policy through a number of test scenarios in order to determine what impact the dividend policy would have on the operation of the business. A first assumption in much of the academic finance literature is that managers work to maximize the wealth of the firms shareholders. Shareholders, the owners of the firm, elect the board of directors that, in turn, hires, promotes, compensates, and fires managers. Through this board linkage, managers, at least in theory, work on behalf of the shareholders. Firms are always searching for an optimal dividend policy, one that strikes a balance between current dividends and future growth and maximizes the firms stock prices. Dividend policy is needed as erratic dividend policy would mean surprises to market participants which will result in a drop in the firms stock price when there is selling off. Thus, a well-planned dividend policy could prevent these surprises and preserve or even enhance stock price. Dividend policy of a firm has implications for various stakeholders such as investors, managers and lenders. For investors, dividends are not only a means of regular income, but also an important input in valuation of a firm. As for managers, the more dividends paid would mean fewer funds available for investment. Lenders may also have interest in the amount of dividend a firm declares, as more dividend means less money available for servicing and redemption of their claims. In the process of maximizing the wealth of shareholders, managers must constantly be concerned with how their decisions influence the price of their firms shares. Share price is the critical determinant of shareholder wealth. Managers dividend policy decisions affect common stock share prices and, therefore, the wealth of shareholders. By dividend policy, we mean the payout policy that management follows in determining the size and pattern of cash distributions to shareholders over time. 2.0 Organisation of literature review Does Anyone Really Pay Attention to Dividends? According to Ronald C. Lease. (2000). To provide a glimpse of what the real world thinks about the importance of dividends and dividend policy, we have drawn the following excerpts from the popular financial press. Income managers are worst-off in the hunt for new investments. Since early 1995, the dividend yield [dividends per share divided by share price] on the Standard Poors 500-stock index has plunged to 1.6% from 2.9%, as companies buy back stock rather than boosting dividends. To be sure, investors themselves favor capital appreciation rather than income, thanks in part to capital-gains tax cuts in the new tax laws. But strategists and investors argue a sizable number of investors still hunt-in vain-for yield. Individual investors, with high net worth, or people who are coming close to retirement, want something in their portfolios that will give them yield or income, says Greg Smith, chief investment strategist at Pruden tial Securities. Theyve been part of a wonderful three years in the stock market, but its left them asset rich and cash poor. (Wall Street Journal, October 22, 1997, p. C1) Corporate managers around the world are clearly attuned to the tax consequences of repurchases as compared with dividends. Consider the case of Reuters Holdings, the London-based media giant, which suspended its move to effectively buy back 5% of its shares in October 1996, after the British government announced it would toughen tax laws on such deals. Instead of using the special dividend structure, Reuters might consider doubling up its regular dividend. (Wall Street Journal, October 9, 1996, p. A18) Dividend changes historically are a lagging indication of corporate profitability and at the same time a sign that corporate boards have confidence in the future. Because dividend reductions are seen as a very bad sign, companies hate to raise payouts to an unsustainable level. (New York Times, January 3, 199 7, Section D, p. 4) One big disadvantage of larger dividends is that they erode a companys cash cushion for recessions. All of the Big Three auto makers quickly burned through their cash reserves during the last recession five years ago, and they have been determined not to repeat the experience. Larger dividends and lower cash reserves also mean slightly less assurance to bondholders that a company will be able to repay them in hard times. As a result, companies with generous dividends tend to have slightly lower credit ratings, which raise their borrowing costs. (New York Times, May 17, 1996, Section D, p.1) Changes in dividend policy tend to coincide with the release of other important news concerning the company. Some firms, like Microsoft, pay no dividend because they can generate higher returns for shareholders investing their profits back in the company. Interestingly, there is evidence that investors typically underestimate the full importance of fluctuating dividends. In a number of recent studies, economists were not surprised to find that the share prices of firms that cut dividends underperformed firms that increased dividends in the 12-month period preceding the announcement of the cut. (Detroit News, August 4, 1996, p. F2) Elisabeth Goth, a dissident member of the family that controls Dow Jones Co., raises questions about its dividend policy, contends Dow Jones has increased its dividends at the expense of reinvesting its earnings to fuel future growth. (Wall Street Journal, March 13, 1997, p. B15) Financial theory says that share splits, buybacks, and dividend cuts should not affect share prices, but they do because investors believe that managers are trying to convey information with these actions. [A] dividend cut suggests that insiders expect profits to languish for years. These moves have gained their signaling power partly because investors do not trust managers to tell them the truth. (Economist, August 15, 1992, p. 14) Div idend Coverage Ratio According to article from www.investopedia.com. When you evaluate a companys dividend-paying practices, ask yourself if the company can afford to pay the dividend. The ratio between a companys earnings and net dividend paid to shareholders known as dividend coverage remains a well-used tool for measuring whether earnings are sufficient to cover dividend obligations. The ratio is calculated as  earnings per share  divided by the dividend per share. When coverage is getting thin, odds are good that there will be a dividend cut, which can have a dire impact on valuation. Investors can feel safe with a  coverage ratio  of 2 or 3. In practice, however, the coverage ratio becomes a pressing indicator when coverage slips below about 1.5, at which point prospects start to look risky. If the ratio is under 1, the company is using its retained earnings from last year to pay this years dividend. At the same time, if the payout gets very high, say above 5, investors should ask whether management is withholding excess earnings, not paying enough cash to shareholders. Managers who raise their dividends are telling investors that the course of business over the coming 12 months or more will be stable. 3.0 Methodology and Analysis of Dividend Policy and Performance among 3 sector Firms: Technology, Consumer Product and Construction As requirement of assignment given, three sector which are mentioned above and five firms from each sector has been successfully identified and collected from Bursa Malaysia website. The tabulations of data will be presented in this report. 3.1 Firms of Technology sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 Mesiniaga Berhad 2009 263,896 8,557 19 11.46   2008 263,154 8,970 19 12.34 2 Unisem Msia Berhad 2009 1,036,309 60,745 2.5 11.92   2008 1,233,381 18,336 2.5 4.21 3 Kobay Technology Berhad 2009 2,921,581 1,428,534 2 2.47   2008 7,394,795 3,361,206 2 11.56 4 KESM Industries Berhad 2009 41,862 7,938 3    2008 55,132 20,099 3  5 Malaysian Pacific Industries Berhad 2009 1,150,630 -65,897 20 -20   2008 1,539,126 147,299 37 58 Figure 3.1: Financial performance of Technology sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Constant Nominal Dividends (Regular Dividends) This type of policy claims that a firm maintains a nominal amount (fixed ringgit dividend) of dividend irrespective of a firms level of income. This is also called a regular dividend, which is a level that the board of directors hopes to maintain in the future. However, regular dividend could be increased (decreased) if proven increases (decreases) in earnings are reported. This type of dividend is much sought by investors as this gives a consistent kind of income to shareholders hence reducing the uncertainty of their dividend income. Base on analysis of Technology sector in Bursa Malaysia shows in figure 3.1, it found that, majority of the company (4 out of 5) has a same type which is Constant Nominal Dividends policy. The amount of dividends (sen) in both years (2009 and 2008) are remained same, regardless of performanc e in revenue and Profit after tax on both years. Financial Performance against Dividend Policy. Base on analysis in figure 3.1, Malaysia Pacific Industries Berhad has turned lost in profit in a year 2009, but still capable to pay 20(sen) dividends, a little bit less if compare to (37)sen in 2008. In their Annual Report 2009 said that the financial year ended 30 June 2009 (FY 2009) had started with a strong performance in the first quarter. However, the subsequent two quarters experienced a sharp reduction in revenue, but this was followed by a gradual recovery in the last quarter. The volatile performance reflected continued uncertainties in the global economic conditions. Revenue for FY 2009 was RM1,151 million, representing a 25% decline from the previous financial year ended 30 June 2008 (FY 2008). Loss attributable to equity holders of the parent was at RM40 million, compared with a profit of RM112 million recorded in FY 2008. Reflecting the unfavourable business enviro nment, capital expenditure was significantly reduced to RM129 million from RM267 million. However, the Group continued to pay out a total dividend. The sudden and dramatic fall in revenue had caused the Group to focus on managing its cash. Capital investments were postponed with the Group spending RM129 million, the lowest for many years and compared with RM267 million for FY 2008. The Groups debt fell by RM48 million from FY 2008 and a dividend of 20 sen per share was declared for FY 2009. 3.2 Firms of Consumer Product sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 Panasonic Manufacturing (m) Berhad 2009 600,868 43,247 105 71   2008 562,490 48,478 115 80 2 Proton Holdings Berhad 2009 6,486.60 -301.8 5 -54.9   2008 5,621.60 184.6 33.6 3 Tan Chong Motor Holdings Berhad 2009 2,856,886 154,304 11 23.42   2008 3,195,826 245,721 10 36.9 4 UMW Holdings Berhad 2009 10,720,861 647,212 20 34.6   2008 12,769,581 955,813 29.8 52.3 5 KHIND Holdings Berhad 2009 183,601 8,061 10 20.12   2008 185,361 7,637 3.7 19.12 Figure 3.2: Financial performance of Consumer Product sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Financial Performance against Dividend Policy. Figure 3.2 illustrated that, Proton Holdings Berhad has turned lost in profit in a year 2009, but still capable to pay 5(sen) dividends, compare to none in 2008. In their Annual Report 2009 said, in view of the need to ensure that PROTON is viably strengthened and able to achieve long-term and sustainable growth, the Board of Directors are not recommending the declaration of any dividends for the financial year ended 31 March 2008. With improved profitability in the future, the Board expects to once again be able to recommend a suitable dividend payment. Thus, No dividend has been paid or declared by the Company. In 2009, the company paid Interim dividend of 5 sen per share less tax at 25%,it has been paid on 14 January 2009 even though the result of profit after tax has lost about -301.8 million. This is due to gain confidents to shareholder about better performance will achieved in the next coming financial year. Special Dividend Payout Policy The special dividend payout policy was implemented by PANASONIC. As a result of analysis in the financial year ended 31 March 2009, the Companys revenue of RM600.9 million increased by RM38.4 million or 6.8% compared with RM562.5 million recorded in the previous financial year. The combined entitys profit before taxation for the financial year was recorded at RM60.8 million. This was however, RM4.1 million or 6.3% lower than the previous financial years combined entitys profit before taxation of RM64.9 million mainly due to the gain from disposal of property amounting to RM3.5 million recognised in the previous financial year. With the prudent and steady cash flow management, the Company was able to maintain a solid cash position and strong Balance Sheet against the market turmoil. The Company continues to develop strong returns for its stakeholde rs, in particular, maximising shareholders wealth via dividend distribution. In a year 2008, The Board of Directors is pleased to recommend a final dividend of 35 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 and a special dividend of 65 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 less 25% income tax, payable on 22 September 2008. An interim tax-exempt dividend of 15 sen was paid on 25 January 2008. This brings to a total gross dividend of 115 sen per ordinary share of RM1.00 in respect of financial year ended 31 March 2008. In respect of the financial year ended 31 March 2009, the Board of Directors is pleased to recommend a final dividend of 35 sen per ordinary share and a special dividend of 55 sen per ordinary share less 25% income tax, payable on 18 September 2009. Together with an interim dividend of 15 sen per ordinary share which was paid on 20 January 2009, this brings to total gross dividends of 105 sen per ordinary share for the financial year ended 31 March 2009. 3.3 Firms of Construction sector  Company financial year revenue RM000 profit after tax RM000 dividend(sen) EPS(sen) 1 YTL CORPORATION BERHAD 2009 8,892,125 1,401,615 2.5 54.1   2008 6,549,860 1,376,487 25 51.54 2 Gamuda Berhad 2009 2,727,302 204,154 6 9.65   2008 2,403,660 338,928 18 16.27 3 IREKA Corporation Berhad 2009 12,584,923 252,651 10 0.05   2008 10,900,784 39,387,288 10 1.34 4 EKOVEST Berhad 2009 277,759 6,822 3.75 4.82   2008 441,992 16,757 3.75 11.83 5 Bina Goodyear Berhad 2009 333,764,272 -24,241,042 2.22 -51.9   2008 276,773,368 442,247 3.65 0.7 Figure 3.3: Financial performance of Construction sector in Bursa Malaysia for the year 2008 and 2009 Financial Performance affected Dividend Payment Base on figure 3.3, Gamuda Berhad will be representative of this statement analysis. According to the Annual Report 2009, the company claimed, to overcome the backdrop of a global economic meltdown, the group has managed to achieve a commendable financial performance in FY2009. Net profit of the group came in at RM193.7m, down 40% from the previous year, despite revenue gaining 13% to RM2.7 billion. Both the construction and property development divisions recorded weaker performances as a result of the challenging economic condition. For the most part of FY2009, the group switched to a defensive strategy which meant that efforts were focussed on surviving the economic meltdown. This entailed taking drastic measures to curb expenses, consolidate operations, streamline capex programs and defer expansion plans. Managing cash flows became a primary focus, and financial prudence necessitated a drastic cut in dividend payments. As such, the group paid out a total of 8 sen a share in FY2009 compared with 25 sen a share the previous year. Thus, the dividend payment has been dropped to 6 sen in FY2009 from 18 sen in FY2008. Figure 3.4: Dividend payment method of interim dividend of Gamuda Berhad. (www.klse.com.my) Cash Dividend Payments and Payment Mechanisms With referring at figure 3.4, the method of dividend payment is called Interim dividend which means the company paid dividend in 2 times in a year. The cash dividend is paid on the payment date to all shareholders of record on the record date. To be a shareholder of record, and thus receive a dividend, one must have purchased the stock before the ex-dividend date. Instead of cash dividends, many companies have automatic reinvestment plans in which additional shares of stock are purchased. Thus, the business keeps the cash and shares are given t o shareholders. Dividend  Declaration Most firms in the United States pay  dividends  quarterly. After making the  dividend  decision during a board meeting, a firms board of directors releases information on the size of the  dividend  on the  announcement date. Further, the announcement states that the cash payment will be made to shareholders of record as of a specific  record date. However, because of delays in the share transfer process, the stock goes ex-dividend two business days before the record date, or the  ex-dividend  date. After the stock goes ex-dividend, the shares trade  without  the rights to the forthcoming  quarterly  dividend. The  dividend  checks are mailed to shareholders of record on the  payment date, which is about two weeks after the record date.  Figure HYPERLINK https://library.books24x7.com/book/id_3455/viewer.asp?bo okid=3455chunkid=219644075#ch01fig043.5  below shows the time line of the period from the board meeting through the mailing of the  dividend  checks.( Ronald C. Lease, 2000)  Figure 3.5:  Dividend  Time Line. (Ronald C. Lease, 2000) 4.0 Conclusion From the research analysis finding, it found that the most of Technology sector firms practising a Constant Nominal Dividends Policy whereas the others sector are inconsistence and heavily relied on the company financial performance. If performance better, then the dividend better. Dividend policy  can  have an impact on shareholder wealth due of various market imperfections. Bear in mind, dividend arent guaranteed, a company can decide to reduce or eliminate its dividend in time of financial hardship.

ENRON Case Study - 1572 Words

1. The Enron debacle created what one public official reported was a â€Å"crisis of confidence† on the part of the public in the accounting profession. List the parties who you believe are most responsible for that crisis. Briefly justify each of your choices. Following parties are believed to be the most responsible for the crisis. With any big organization going so bad, the blame starts with the top level executives, there was no different in this case. For Enron the blame started with Enron’s executives, Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skilling, and Andrew Fastow. Their goal was to make Enron into the world’s greatest company. To make this goal a reality, they created a company culture that encouraged â€Å"rule breaking† and went so far as to†¦show more content†¦As we can see with cases happening in and around, there are probable circumstances that there have been significant changes in the auditing process over the past several decades. 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Public And Private Sector Banks Essay Example Pdf - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3608 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? In this part we will comparatively analyze the public and private sector banks. So for the purpose of analysis we will use a sample of two banks from each public sector and private sector banks. Public sector banks Private sector banks National bank of Pakistan limited Habib bank limited Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public And Private Sector Banks Essay Example Pdf" essay for you Create order Bank of Punjab United bank limited As explained in the methodology part, we will analyze the bank by using the camel framework. And after analyze the bank we will rate each of them according to the results comes from analysis. In camel framework there are five different heads. We will take into consideration each of them one by one. Capital adequacy: In this part we have analyze capital portion of public sector anf private sector banks. Capital is most important part of banks balance sheet, because on the basis of capital banks issues the loans and advances. Capital portion also helps the bank in rainy days or recession. The Tier 1 capital postion of all four banks is shown in following chart. Tier 1 Capital: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 NBPL 32734347 48320611 64296830 73770137 85467027 BOP 5 6,585,03 10,475,865 14,357,020 3,361,351 - HBL 2 7,912,159 4 1,240,457 46,206,272 53,703,224 6 2,076,889 UBL 14,650,820 24,108,631 29,908,666 27,679,109 43,908,353 In public sector, NBP outperforms in tier 1 capital, as shown in the graph; tier 1 capital of the NBP is highest among the other three banks. In financial year 2009 the tier 1 capital of the is increased by 15.84%. NBP tier 1 capital is raised because in financial Year 2009 they have added the 9 billion inappropriate profits. On the other hand BOP Tier 1 capital is lower among the all, as we all familiar with the BOP is currently in different controversies due to which banks overall performance is under average so this all effect the banks Tier 1 capital .in financial year 2008 the bank Tier 1 capital is decreased by 76% because of the fact that 7 billion accumulated loss is deducted from Tier 1 capital. In private sector HBL, tier 1 capital is shows an continuous increasing trend over the five financial years. In financial year 2009 the tier 1 capital is increased by 15.59%. In HBL tier 1 capital, funds are t o raised through unapproapirte profit. In FY09 the 6 billion unapproate profit is added in tier 1 capital. In comparison with the public sector bank , HBL tier 1 capital is less as compared to NBP. But better as compared to the UBL and the BOP. The UBL tier 1 capital shows a mix trend over the five financial years. In financial year 2009 the tier 1 capital 58% , again due to the same reason unapproprited profit of 6 billion is added in tier 1 capital. Capital adequacy ratio: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 NBPL 15.59% 16.50% 17.72% 16.61% 16.88% BOP 12.78% 10.09% 9.69% 1.92% 0 HBL 9.93% 12.81% 12.33% 11.60% 13.07% UBL 9.25% 11.10% 10.85% 9.96% 13.18% CAR is a ratio of capital to risk weighted assets. The state bank of Pakistan in financial year prescribes a minimum CAR ratio of 10% to the banks. Capital adequacy ratio of the National bank of Pakistan is highest among the others in financial year 2009. From the financial year 2005 to 2009 the capital of the bank is increased with the average rate of 16%. And the risk weighted assets are also increased with same trend. Due to this CAR ratio will also show an increased trend over the year. The reasons to increase are the last year bank has raised an amount of 7 billion from unapropriated profit in capital. HBL has also maintained the higher ratio as compared to prescribe by the SBP. In financial year 2006 the ratio is increased by 29% due to the increase in the tier 1 capital. And in financial year 2009 again the ratio is increased by 12.6%. beacuaes of the increment in tier 1 capital by 6 billion. United bank limited has a CAR ratio of 9.25 % in financial year 2005 and its is increased to 13.18% in 2009.total capital is increased almost 2 times. The reason for the increment is the bank arranged funds through the revaulation reserve under the tier 2 capital head and the unapproaprate profit under the head of tier 1 capital. The bank of Punjab had a 12.78% CAR in 2005, but this was decreased to 1.92% in financial year 2009. The reason of decrese is the accumulated loss of 7 billion in financial year 2007. Which is to be carried forward in 2008 capital. Due to which capital is to be decresed by 58% in financial year 2008. This ulitimatily affects the CAR ratio of BOP. Debt to equity ratio: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 15.02 13.18 11.5 12.79 8.51 HBL 14.08541421 12.86186746 11.42424796 10.28144063 10.04877 NBP 8.27 6.69 6.05 6.22 6.94 BOP 14.12658301 13.65737077 13.94726359 35.11725574 The debt to equity ratio means that how much money bank is securely able to borrow over a longer period of time. According to general guidelines any bank debt to equity ratio above 50% should be looked more carefully that no liquidity problem arises. National bank of Pakistan debt to equity ratio shows a almost constant trend over the five years. And could not make any fluctuations above the average. In financial year 2005 the debt to equity ratio is 8.27% which is better than the industry average. Afterwards in financial year 2009 the ratio decreased by 16%. It was all due to increase in profits by 17%, these profits helps the bank to pay off its liabilities .If we compared the national bank debt to equity ratio with the private sector banks. In financial year 2009, the HBL debt to equity ratio is 10% and the debt to equity ratio of UBL is 8.51%. Bank of Punjab debt to equity ratio is almost constant till financial year 2007, after the year its will reached to highest level of 35%. And increased by 150% it was all due to loss of 7 billion in financial year 2007. Due to this loss capital decreased was also decreased by 56%. All these factors contribute to highest debt to equity ratio. In private sector the Habib bank limited, debt to equity ratio contiounly shows a decreasing trend over the five financial years. It was all due to increasing profits, this will help the bank to pay off its liabilities. From financial year 2005 to 2009 HBL profits are increased with an average rate of 11.90%. United bank limited, debt to equity ratio shows a mix trend over the five financial years. In financial year 2005, the ratio is 15% which is ultimately decreased to 8.51%. There is a continuous increment in reserves and surplus so that the ratio was continuously decreases and in the year 2009 it was decreased by 33%. Total advances to total assets: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 0.59014865 0.584289707 0.56468779 0.61290762 0.571351532 HBL 0.607829171 0.595803214 0.5523621 0.60744401 0.526544957 NBP 0.465345383 0.497707645 0.44649933 0.50502312 0.503125242 BOP 0.572391485 0.61459992 0.56975727 0.70857825 Total advances to total assets ratio shows that how much amount the bank hold in opposition to its assets. Here in NBPL, from 2005 to 2009, the ratio shows an increasing trend over the five financial years, except the FY07. The reason behind this the advances are shows an increases, but they could not meet up with the increasing rate of assets. In financial year 2007, the assets are increased by 20%. Except the financial year 2007, the ratio shows an increasing trend because of constantly increase in the advances. If we compare this ratio with private sector banks, overall private sector banks outperform this ratio. It was all due to better marketing skills and the customer service provided by the private sector banks. Bank of Punjab overall total advances to total assets ratio improved. But due to decrrrese in assets this ratio improved. In financial year 2007 assets are droped by the amount of 16 billion. Asset qualit y: NPL to advances: Asset quality of any bank is to be measured by the degree of nonperforming loans. This ratio clearly reflects the performance of the banks. A high level of NPLs ratio depicts the higher probability of credit defaults. National bank of Pakistan limited, NPLs to total advances ratio shows the mix trend over the five financial years. In finical year 2006, the ratio decreased by 16%. And afterwards in finical year 2009 the ratio shows an increase of 13.9%. if we compare this with private sector banks, it clearly depicts from the graph, that private sector banks will outperform in this ratio. Both the UBL and HBL NPLs to total advances ratio shows a decreasing return. BOP non performing loans shows a good percentage till financial year 2007. But afterwards due to haris steel mill case and due to such other cases. The ratio increased by 1600% and reached to the total level of 16.1% in financial year 2008. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 8.28 6.57 7.35 7.5 10.8 HBL 11.60% 8.00% 8% 7% 7% NBPL 14.26 11.97 11.35 12.58 14.34 BOP 1.3 1.13% 1.96% 16.31% Growth in non performing loans: Growth in non performing loans shows that every year how much loans adds to bad debts. National bank of Pakistan growth non performing graph shows a mix trend. In financial year 2005 the ratio decreased by 6.54% and afterwards shows an again upward trend. From 2007 onwards the state bank of Pakistan is asking different banks to implement the internal rating based approach under Basel accord II. But now of them with the exception of Habib bank limited have applied this approach till now.beacuse of the application of this approach habib bank limited is able control its non performing loans. In financial year 2009 habib bank limited has a lowest growth in non performing loans as compared to the industry. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL -15.63% -4.16% 35.42% 26.47% 40.45% HBL -7.40% -24.40% 7.80% -1.20% 9.40% NBPL -6.54% 7.48% 5.68% 47.35% 25.61% BOP 60.75% 38.67% 129.10% 715% Management quality: The management quality of any bank is to be measured by decisions taken by the managements during the operations. Total advances to total deposit ratio: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 0.70813225 0.738066918 0.746567941 0.767515153 0.719646 HBL 0.738359363 0.68051225 0.711729091 0.761197203 0.661538 NBP 0.580110805 0.629862301 0.574952957 0.660843465 0.653287 BOP 0.719195934 0.735654652 0.697475366 0.802883678 This ratio shows the investment of the bank through approving the loans and through approving the loans against accepting the loan. In National bank of Pakistan , this ratio shows a mix trend over the years. In FY06 its is increased by 8%, due to the increase in the advances by 11%. Afterwards ratio shows the ups and downs over the years and in financial year 2009 the ratio again falls by the 3%. In financial year 2009 the advances shows an increase but can not match with rate of increase of deposits. If we compare NBPL ratios trend with the private sector banks. Private sector banks are outperform in this ratio, again due to better marketing skills and customer service helps private sector banks to gain more deposits and advances. Banks of Punjab this ratio is constantly increased except financial year 2007, in financial year 2007 this ratio shows an downturn of 5%.Afterwards in financial year 2008 the both the advnces and the deposits falls due to which this ratio shows a bett er results over the year. Business per employee: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 1892.03934 1658.94489 1894.996946 2042.389157 2270.593263 HBL 1753.26645 2090.81826 2386.89973 2615.383513 3200.221994 NBPL 2209.15227 2849.35174 3015.241139 2792.132334 2813.440801 BOP 274.595329 1745.18604 1830.829099 -3346.528393 Business per employee is a measure of how effienctily a bank is uilizizing its employees. Ideally every banks to be a highest Business per employee ratio because its donates a higher productivity. This is the positive sign for a bank that if business per employee ratio shows an increasing trend overtime. In National bank of Pakistan , this ratio shows an mix trend over the year. From financial year 2005 to 2007 shows an increasing trend. But after this till 2009, business per employee ratio drops by 6%. Even in financial year 2009 revenues are increased by 22%. But due to unnecessary hiring of employees companies overall productivity is decreased. In financial year 2009 , the no of employees are increased by 12%. If we compare, this performance with the private sector banks, private sector banks outperform in this ratio. In private sector banks mostly hiring is to be done on merit basis and hire the optimal number of employees, due to this overall productivity of the private sector banks is improved in FY09. The business per employee ratio of the Bank of Punjab shows a very different trend with the industry. From financial year 2005 t0 2007, the banks business per employee ratio shows an increasing trend. But after 2007 due to acculmatled loss of 7 billion companies overall business per employee ratio drops by 282%. It was all due to the internal controversies such Hamish khan case and due to the 150% increase in the non performing loans. Overall in this ration HBL outperform due to contiouns increasing trend over the five financial years. Then UBL also follows him in this ratio. Profit per employee: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 635.987973 616.060349 596.8172811 559.1196659 657.4657774 HBL 549.431261 555.039757 833.2998064 713.1840548 937.2536961 NBPL 919.375253 1214.23397 1351.926451 1251.89243 1118.388971 BOP 146.43881 146.43881 1140.779702 -2420.477623 Profit per employee is a measure of how resourcefully a particular bank is using its employees. In national bank of Pakistan, this ratio again shows an mix trend .due to unnecessary hiring in financial year 2007, the companys overall profit per employee ratio declines 7.4%. in financial year 2009 the companys overall number of employees are increased by 8%.If we compare this ratio with the private sector banks both the private sector banks shows less profit per employee ratio .But shows an overall increasing trend. HBL profit per employee ratio is 549 in FY05 which is to be increased by 70% in FY09. If we compare this performance with BOP, the BOP ratio again shows an downturn in FY07 and then in financial year 2008 the companys profit per employee turns to negative. UBL profit per employee ratio shows a mix trend over the years. In FY05 the profit per employee is 635 which is to be declined in FY06 and FY07 due to the extra hiring of employees. Ratio shows an downturn. But i n FY09 the banks profits per employee ratio shows an increased return of 17% . its was all due to improved profits in financial year 2009. Earning and profitability: Earning and profitability of bank is the very important measure, in order to know about the actual position of the bank. banks overall earning depends upon the advances and the investments made by the bank during the financial year. Return on average assets: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 1.71 2.24 1.59 1.38 1.48 HBL 1.84 2.67 2.9 2.99 3.12 NBPL 2.25 2.81 2.72 1.96 2.07 BOP 2.65 2.76 2.22 0.05 Return on average assets means how much profits is to be earned during the years with the average assets. Higher ROA is good for the bank , because if it is higher we can say that the return of the bank is high. In national bank of Pakistan , return on average assets shows mix trend over the years . in financial year 2006 the ratio is increased due to by the 24%. Because the profit after tax of the banks shows an increase of 5 billion. Than after wards the increase in profits could not match with the increase in average assets due to this ratio shows an declining trend over the next two financial years . In financial year 2009, the ratio shows an increase of 5% due to the increase in profits by 3 billion. If we compare NBPL returns with private sector banks. HBL shows an constantly increasing returns over the five financial years. In financial year 2009 the ROA is increased by 5%. HBL return on average assets returns are smooth with respect to other private sector banks. UBL overall returns shows a mix trend in financial year 2006 shows an increase of 30% due to the increase in profits after tax. After 2006 returns moves towards down phase and in financial year 2009 the return on average ass ets falls to 1.48%. BOP return on average assets shows a smooth return till 2007, but in financial year 2008 due to acculmated loss of 7 billion, the returns falls below average and return on assets reached to the level of 0.05%. Return on average equity: Return on equity means how much return is to be earned with the given equity. National bank of Pakistan, ROE shows an mix trend over the five financial years. In 2006 ROE drops by 13% and then shows an increase of 35%. In financial year 2009 ROE drops by the 3%.If we compare the performance of NBPL with private sector banks. Privte sector banks outperform in this average due better profits in private sector. And also the rate of increase of profits. BOP shows an better ROE than the industry till 2007, but the after 2007 due to downfall of profits by 7 billion the ROE fall below average and reached to the level of 1%. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 14.09 19 19.81 31.71 27.46 HBL 37.3 25 30.8 28.3 25.4 NBPL 16.41 14.13 19.2 21.58 20.82 BOP 42.03 43.64 34.5 1 Interest income to the total income: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 0.716748 0.72747491 0.66295105 0.64915587 0.632425076 HBL 0.747858 0.736826581 0.7777721 0.71816306 0.763233446 NBPL 0.692451 0.695509498 0.68093425 0.6137724 0.584726766 BOP 0.701361 0.555791363 0.23994536 1.30074592 Interest income to the total income ratio shows that how much income is to be earned through earning assets. This ratio was continuously decreased from financial year 2005 to 2009 in NBPL. Due to this its shows bad effects on profits because interest income is major income of the bank. the growth of net interest income is attributed from the earning assets. The NBPL earning assets are reduced over the five financial years, due to this it affects the overall interest income. In financial year 2009 the earning assets are increased but the interest bearing liabilities are also shows an increasing trend over the years due to this overall interest income shows a down turn. If we compare this ratio of NBPL with the private sector banks. HBL interest income to total income ratio shows an increasing trend over the years. Because of the fact that HBL overall earning assets are increased by 56% in financial year 2009. On the other hand UBL interest income to the total income ratio shows an decreasing return over the years. But still better than the industry average. And if we compare with the public sector banks. UBL interest income to total income ratio shows better results. BOP interest income to the total income ratio shows an decreasing return. Due to controversies attached with the BOP , this will seriously effect the banks overall interest income. And In financial year 2009 the banks ratio drops to the point 1.30% below than the average. Other income to the total income: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 0.283252 0.27252509 0.33704895 0.35084413 0.367574924 HBL 0.252142 0.263173419 0.2222279 0.28183694 0.236766554 NBPL 0.307549 0.304490502 0.31906575 0.3862276 0.415273234 BOP 0.298639 0.444208637 0.76005464 -0.30074592 Fee based income and dividend income is major banks other income portion. The bank generates high fee and commission income through innovative products and by adapting new technology. The higher ratio indicates higher fee based income. The ratio in NBPL increased from 30% to 41% in financial year 2005 to 2009 which shows an earning from government securities and through providing innovative products are to be increased. From financial year 2007 to 2009 this ratio increased by 30%. If we compare this ratio with private sector banks, its clearly shown in graph that NBPL out performs in this ratio. HBL, other income to total income ratio is improved over the financial years. But still falls behind the NBPL ratio. After NBPL the bank which performs better is UBL, UBL other income to total income ratio is improved over the five finical years. From financial year 2005 to financial year 2009. The ratio will increase from 28% to 36%. BOP again shows the same results, in financial year 2005 the ratio is 29%.and after wards in 2006 the ratio increased and reached to level of 44% . this shows that BOP interest income share drops 40% in just one year. After in financial year 2009 the ratio turns to negative portion in the graph. Due to decrease in total income by 205%. Liquidity: Liquidity for a bank means the banks ability to meet to financial obligations as they come due. In order to meet the short term obliagations its very necessary for every bank to maintain some ratio of liquid assets. Liquid assets to total assets: Liquidity for a bank means ability to meet the financial oblilagations. Higher the ratio higher the ability to manage liquidity risk. In NBPL this shows mix trend over the five financial years. In financial year 2006 due to the decrese in market tressury bills by 15%, the ratio falls by 23%. Afterwards in 2008 ratio increased by 53% due to the 55% increase in pakistan investment bonds and 34 % increase in the market tressuryy bills. If we compare this performance with the private sector banks, private sector banks can also depicts the same trend. From financial year 2005 to 2007 the ratio shows an increasing trend. After ulitimatily ratios falls. And in financial 2009 both the UBL and HBL ratio falls to 16%. BOP, liquid assets to total assets ratio shows a different trend with respect to the industry. In financial year 2005 the ratio is 4%. Which is to be increased to 21% in financial year 2007. But again in financial year 2008 drops to 3% below than average. In finical year 2008 ratio falls by 600% .it was all due to the fall of market tressury bills from 44 billion to 1 billion. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 12% 11% 18% 18% 16% HBL 17% 18% 22% 14% 16% NBPL 17% 13% 20% 16% 15% BOP 4% 8% 21% 3% Liquid assets to total deposits: The ratio shows how much part of the deposits is invested by the bank in the liquid assets. Again this is ratio is very important in order to know about the liquidity risk position of the bank. In NBPL, the ratio was 20% in financial year 2005 and after some flucations its was 19% in financial year 2009. The deposits were increased by 34% and the liquid assets are increased by 23%. Due to this ratio drops by 1.1 % in financial year 2009. If we compare this performance with the private sector banks. HBL liquid assets to total deposits ratio shows a mix trend over the year. In financial year 2005 ratio is 20% and after wards in financial year 2009 the again drops to 20.3%.UBL overall ratio shows a mix return over the years. In financial year 2005 the ratio is 14% and afterwards in financial year 2009 the reached to level of 20%. Bank of Punjab overall ratio trend as again opposite to the industry. In financial year 2005 the ratio is 5% and in financial year 2007, the ratio reac hed to the level of 25% due to the unexpected decrease in the deposits. The ratio increases and shows and unexpected result in 2007. After wards in financial 2008 the ratio again drops to 3%. 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 14% 14% 24% 22% 20% HBL 21% 20% 28% 18% 20% NBPL 21% 17% 26% 20% 20% BOP 6% 10% 25% 3% Government securities to total assets: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 UBL 8% 9% 10% 11% 10% HBL 9% 11% 13% 14% 14% NBPL 10% 12% 13.50% 14% 14.90% BOP 6% 7% 19% 2.5% Government securities is the very important liquid assets for bank. This will help them to maintain the liquidity position of the bank. This ratio shows that percentage of government securities in total assets. If this ratio is higher its clearly shown that bank is investing more in government securities. In national bank, the ratio is 10% in financial year 2005 and constantly shows an increasing trend over the years .in financial year 2009 the ratio is 14.90 so this is clearly shown that national bank management is investing more in liquid assets in order to maintain liquidity position. If we compare the performance with the private sector banks, the ratios depicts that HBL is also constantly investing more towards government securities. From financial year 2005 to 2009 the ratio increased from 9 % to 14%. But still 6% less than the public sector bank. United bank limited, government securities to total assets ratio depicts mix trend over the five financial years . in financial year 2005 ratio is 8%.which is to be increased to 10% in financial year 2009. Bank of Punjab, ratio overall depicts different trend as compared to the industry average. In financial year 2005 ratio is 6% and financial year 2008 the ratio drops to 2.5%. Due to the drop in assets value by 21%.

RT Definition in Chemistry

RT Definition: RT stands for room temperature.Room temperature is actually a range of temperatures from 15 to 25 deg;C corresponding to temperatures comfortable to people. 300 K is a generally accepted value for room temperature to simplify calculations.The abbreviations RT, rt, or r.t. are commonly used in chemical equations to denote the reaction can be run at room temperature. Because room temperature does not have a fixed value, its better to record the temperature at the time data is taken.

Essay on In what sense are virtual communities real

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